ACVIM General Boards Practice Test

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• Which diagnostic test is utilized for protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)?
• What is the best test for diagnosing leptospirosis within the first 5 days of infection?
• What type of macrophage phenotype is associated with healing circumstances?
• What is the mechanism of action of enrofloxacin?
• In an old cat with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), what is the first treatment recommended to address severe acidosis?
• Which electrolyte imbalance can increase the risk of digoxin toxicity?
• A dog with pleural effusion and fever shows non-acid fast filamentous organisms in pleural fluid cytology. What is the likely cause?
• What is the primary aim of performing a cleansing enema in cases of hepatic encephalopathy?
• What stage of Babesia is associated with hemolysis?
• In cases of perianal fistulas, what is a common contraindicated treatment option?
• What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of cyanide poisoning?
• What blood gas status is indicated by a pH of 7.2, HCO3 of 10, and PCO2 of 50?
• Which type of receptor molecule is primarily responsible for calcium-induced calcium release in muscle cells?
• What percentage of animals that experience cerebral-vascular events are typically hypertensive?
• What does the odds ratio measure?
• What is the primary constituent of chylomicrons?
• What condition is characterized by hyperkalemia, low Cl, and low HCO3?
• What is the primary function of CCK in the digestive system?
• Which blood type is most commonly found in cats?
• Which test is the most sensitive for diagnosing Toxoplasma in cats with clinical signs?
• What is the most likely diagnosis for a puppy presenting with respiratory signs and nodules in the trachea?
• What does the term 'sensitivity' indicate in medical testing?
• Which of the following is a clinical sign associated with hepatic encephalopathy?
• What is the mechanism through which ascites develops in cases of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)?
• What is considered the most sensitive test for diagnosing hyperthyroidism?
• What can induce a hemolytic crisis in a dog with PFK deficiency?
• What effect does a low pH (high H+) have on the O2 dissociation curve?
• What cranial nerve abnormality is observed in the right eye of a dog that is circling to the left?
• A poodle presents with vomiting, anorexia, and elevated liver enzymes. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• What is a key characteristic of loop diuretics like furosemide?
• What is a fatal side effect of cisplatin in cats?
• What part of the cell does lupus predominantly attack?
• What mechanism contributes to increased ammonia levels in hepatic encephalopathy?
• What is the primary effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy in patients?
• Which of the following is a side effect of misoprostol in humans?
• IV lipid emulsion therapy is useful for treating which of the following?
• What is a common laboratory test for diagnosing lupus?
• What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine?
• When treating a cat with stage 3 chronic kidney disease and a urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) of 0.5, what is the recommended treatment?
• What do spironolactone and amiloride primarily act as?
• What initiates the classical pathway of complement activation?
• What is the most antigenic blood type in dogs?
• Where is most of the body's iron stored?
• What is the primary role of leukotriene B4 in the body?
• According to the Gompertzian growth model, smaller tumors grow how compared to larger tumors?
• In which cells are bile acids conjugated?
• During goal-directed therapy for sepsis, what is an important target to achieve within the first 6 hours of treatment?
• What shifts the O2 dissociation curve to the right?
• What ACVIM stage is characterized by mitral valve degeneration but no clinical signs?
• What is the effect of mannitol in the lumen of the renal tubules?
• What test is most specific for diagnosing T. Gondii in a cat with clinical signs?
• What is the primary step in the production of ketone bodies during protein metabolism?
• A dog with chronic weight loss, diarrhea, low cobalamin, and normal TLI/folate/PLI is likely diagnosed with what condition?
• Where are J receptors primarily located?
• What disease process could exacerbate hepatic encephalopathy?
• What is the effect of glycoside plants on heart rate?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of the human immune response?
• What is the primary physiological process affected by myasthenia gravis?
• What is the most likely outcome of chemotherapy on larger tumors according to Gompertzian growth?
• What clinical finding would you associate with congestive heart failure?
• What stage of Toxoplasma is associated with transplacental or transmammary transmission?
• Osmosis due to protein is related to which property?
• How does Pythium typically infect a host?
• What activates pepsinogen in the stomach?
• An increase in which pressure would result in a decreased GFR?
• Which organism is known to be a source of cryptosporidium hominis?
• Which stage of Cytauxzoon felis is associated with vascular obstruction?
• What is the likely diagnosis for a dog with a USG of 1.005 that does not respond to water deprivation?
• Which cardiac condition can lead to pulmonary hypertension?
• What is a possible cause for a false positive result for proteinuria on a test strip?
• What is the mechanism of action of hydrochlorothiazide?
• In the renal system, which structure is primarily responsible for sodium reabsorption?
• In a dog suspected of having a drug reaction, which skin lesion type should be biopsied?
• A case of Coombs negative hemolytic anemia with hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mildly elevated bilirubin suggests what diagnosis?
• CpG and LPS are examples of what type of molecules?
• What treatment protocol can potentially lead to a hemolytic crisis in canines suffering from PFK deficiency?
• What is the most common cause of pyothorax in dogs?
• What type of hypersensitivity reaction could cause hemolysis of red blood cells following a transfusion?
• An adult beagle with a 1-month history of vomiting and inappetance, who presents with hypoglycemia and a mass in the stomach, is most likely diagnosed with?
• What is the most common side effect of oclacitinib?
• What cardiac condition is characterized by a splintered QRS complex?
• Which drug is known to decrease cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production?
• What differentiates clopidogrel from other antiplatelet medications?
• Which of the following are possible B cell markers?
• Which clinical findings are indicative of pulmonary hypertension?
• What immune cell type binds to MHC class II molecules?
• Which cells are primarily involved in the clearance of pathogens through phagocytosis?
• What is the primary factor that increases cardiac contractility?
• Which muscle is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?
• Which immunoglobulin is found in the highest concentration in the blood?
• What is the recommended treatment for acetaminophen toxicity in animals?
• Which endothelial property contributes to its antithrombotic nature?
• What is the primary treatment for Oslerus osleri infection?
• A cat presenting with elevated liver enzymes and weight loss over 10 days is most likely suffering from?
• Which of the following indicates a low risk of false positive testing?
• How does tetanus antitoxin function?
• Which diuretic class does spironolactone belong to?
• If a vaginal cytology of an intact female dog shows no blood, no neutrophils, and angular epithelial cells, what stage is the dog likely in?
• During the neutrophil's respiratory burst, what is primarily released?
• Which thyroid hormone has the shortest latency period and is quickest to reach maximum cellular activity?
• If a dog has a high basal cortisol and normal cortisol levels 4 hours post-ACTH stimulation, what condition is suggested?
• Which nerve is responsible for innervating the external urethral sphincter?
• Which of the following best describes the condition of macrothrombocytopenia?
• What is the definitive method for diagnosing pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE)?
• Neutrophils bind to antibody-coated organisms via which receptor?
• What is the most potent stimulator of aldosterone secretion?
• A goat shows neuro signs, circling to the right and CP deficits on the left. Which part of the brain is affected?
• How do CD8 cells execute their cytotoxic function?
• Which protein acts as a carrier for copper in the blood?
• Which electrolyte imbalance may worsen in patients with acute kidney injury?
• What is the next stain to use if granules do not stain with aqueous quick stain in a suspected mast cell tumor?
• What physiological response occurs in tissues adjacent to low oxygen levels in the alveoli?
• How is plasma osmolality calculated?
• What is the main clinical sign of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
• In a V/Q mismatch where V/Q = 0, what is the condition of gas exchange?
• What are the most common clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy in cats?
• What is the neurologic localization for signs of delayed menace and palpebral reflexes?
• Which chemokine is considered the most potent in the arachidonic acid cascade?
• How does hyperthyroidism affect total peripheral resistance to promote an increase in GFR?
• Which substance is inactivated in the lungs, leading to a decrease in its activity?
• What finding is most consistent in patients with a stress leukogram?
• Which immune molecule is most commonly associated with immuno-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)?
• What condition is associated with a history of recurrent infections and elevated WBC count in a young dog?
• Where are NK cells formed in the body?
• What is the most specific method for diagnosing feline pancreatitis?
• Which enzyme in the adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH?
• Which diagnostic test result would support a diagnosis of Hepatozoon americanum?
• What is the recommended treatment for a canine infection with Babesia gibsoni?
• Which type of lung cells produces surfactant?
• Which clinical signs suggest THC toxicity in a dog?
• What sign is typically associated with upper motor neuron lesions?
• What causes the release of Acetylcholine (ACh)?
• What mechanism do neutrophils utilize for killing pathogens?
• What ion is primarily affected by the action of hydrochlorothiazide?
• What is a consequence of untreated heartworm disease in dogs?
• What are the main effects of growth hormone?
• Which drug can lead to clinical signs of hypothyroidism?
• Why is calcitriol used in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
• Which test is considered the most specific for feline asthma?
• What physiological change results from bicarbonate secretion into the pancreatic duct?
• How does gabapentin function at the cellular level?
• What cell type binds with MHC class I molecules?
• What process is primarily responsible for the release of ghrelin?
• What condition can predispose a patient to endocarditis?
• Which medication is commonly used to treat tritrichomonas?
• What is the preferred treatment for canine lymphoplasmocytic rhinitis?
• Which type of anemia is characterized by microcytic red blood cells?
• A dog presenting with a left head tilt, right central nervous system deficits, absent right menace, and facial and palpebral deficits indicates localization in which part of the brain?
• What is the most sensitive test for Bartonella in dogs?
• What is the most likely diagnosis for an adult female spayed dog with blood vulvar discharge and degenerative neutrophils on cytology?
• What is the physiological response of the body to increased blood pressure and volume as detected by baroreceptors?
• What cardiac effect is caused by a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
• What effect does the drug TMS have on iodine metabolism?
• What effect does Aelurostrongylus have on its host?
• Which of the following is not a differential for high anion gap metabolic acidosis?
• What is the mechanism of action of clopidogrel?
• What glomerular disease is unlikely to improve with prednisone treatment?
• What hematological change is typically seen with Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)?
• Which diagnosis is likely for an English bulldog that exhibits intermittent horizontal head tremors that can be distracted by treats?
• In patients with pulmonary hypertension, which substance is likely to be decreased?
• What substance inhibits the secretion of glucagon?
• What is indicated by an older dog exhibiting a high total T4 and high TSH level?
• What effect does tetanus toxin have on neurotransmission?
• Which test can provide information about immune response in a suspected lymphoma case?
• What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of phenylpropanolamine?
• Which type of white blood cell has the shortest half-life in circulation?
• What chemotherapy drug is commonly used to treat polycythemia vera?
• What formula expresses Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?
• A 6-month-old Irish Setter with a history of recurrent infections and elevated WBC count likely suffers from which condition?
• What is the most common cause of insulin resistance in cats?
• What is responsible for the automaticity of cardiac pacemaker cells?
• Which of the following chemotherapy drugs is known to cross the blood-brain barrier?
• Which factor stimulates insulin release?
• What is the mechanism of action of sulfonamides?
• A dog shows decreased right palpebral and right corneal reflex. What is the likely localization of the problem?
• Which heartworm testing method is more sensitive in cats compared to dogs?
• What clinical sign might you expect in a dog with trigeminal neuritis affecting the mandibular branch?
• Which disease can be misdiagnosed on PARR due to lymphocytosis?
• What is the best treatment for acute exacerbation of hepatic encephalopathy?
• What cranial nerve is primarily affected in a dog with decreased menace response in the right eye?
• A V/Q mismatch resulting in infinity indicates which condition?
• If an animal is to be euthanized due to a disease, what should be prioritized in the associated test?
• Which essential fatty acids are recognized as beneficial for dogs and cats?
• What disease is known to predispose cats to anal furunculosis?
• Given a cytological analysis of a subcutaneous mass showing clusters of polygonal cells with anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, what is a likely diagnosis?
• In cases of aortic insufficiency, which of the following symptoms may be observed?
• What does a urinary sodium excretion of less than 1% typically indicate?
• Which diagnostic tool is most useful for evaluating right-sided heart function?
• What is the mechanism of action of strychnine toxicity?
• Which cranial nerve is associated with parasympathetic functions such as salivary and lacrimal gland innervation?
• Which clinical sign is typically observed in lower motor neuron disease?
• What is the mechanism of action of pimobendan?
• What indicates that a patient may need iron supplementation?
• What type of immune response is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus associated with?
• What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell in a cat?
• What causes the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in the duodenum?
• What primarily determines the specificity of PCR?
• What is a common treatment goal for managing congestive heart failure?
• What is the first-line treatment for primary hyperlipidemia in a schnauzer?
• A young cat presents with acute hemolytic anemia and an ecto-cellular RBC parasite. What is the likely diagnosis and treatment?
• Where does the primary stimulus for gastrointestinal motility arise from?
• In hypercalcemia of malignancy, what is the mechanism of action for the polyuria and polydipsia observed?
• In the context of a disease's predictive value, what does positive predictive value indicate?
• What is the mechanism of action of doxycycline?
• When a dog experiences recurrence of lower urinary signs two weeks after antibiotic treatment, what is this condition called?
• What type of receptor interacts with secretin in the digestive tract?
• Which hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?
• Eosinophils are primarily associated with which type of T cell response?
• What clinical sign is not typically observed in cases of THC toxicity in dogs?
• Which medication is known for its prokinetic effects due to its activity as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor?
• A patient is lipemic after a 24-hour fast. This is mainly due to elevation in which molecule?
• What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in cats?
• In cases of severe hyperglycemia associated with DKA, what metabolic disturbance is typically present?
• What is the primary purpose of Mensa in veterinary medicine?
• How is alkaline phosphatase (ALP) cleaved from the biliary membrane?
• What is the mechanism of action of cisapride?
• What is the lipid form of amphotericin B that is less nephrotoxic?
• What is the correct equation to calculate the anion gap?
• What is the most common secondary brain tumor?
• An abnormality in the ornithine cycle would result in elevation of what substance?
• In which disease is a fatiguable palpebral reflex commonly observed?
• What is a primary cause of low ionized calcium levels in the blood?
• Which interferon do NK cells secrete?
• How much does atrial fibrillation (A fib) decrease ventricular filling in percentage?
• In the distal ileum, bicarbonate (HCO3) is exchanged for which ion?
• In dogs with pyometra, what causes the symptoms of PU/PD?
• What is the MOA of furosemide?
• In a 2-year-old dog with hemothorax, which condition is indicated by elevated PT compared to PTT and low platelet counts?
• In a stress leukogram, what is typically seen in regards to lymphocytes?
• Which diagnostic test is used for diagnosing masticatory myositis?
• In a case of left head tilt and right proprioception deficits, which part of the nervous system is affected?
• Which congenital heart defect is typically indicated by a right-sided heart murmur in a five-month-old cat?
• What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of dirlotapide (Solentrol)?
• What treatment has the highest initial response rate for perianal fistulas?
• If given concurrently with theophylline, which drug needs to be administered at a reduced dose?
• Which nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the bladder?
• Which acute phase protein is associated with cats?
• What toxicity does silybin primarily treat?
• What is the mechanism of action for Fibrocoxib?
• What effect does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on the kidneys?
• In veterinary immunology, what function do perforin and granzyme play in the immune response?
• What is the cause of PU/PD in chronic kidney disease?
• Which condition is a cause of a hyperkinetic pulse?
• Which two drugs are required to treat a dog with Neorickettsia helminthoeca?
• What is the mechanism of action of orlistat in the treatment of obesity?
• What is the most specific indicator of cholestasis?
• Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is most likely to lead to which electrolyte abnormalities?
• Which respiratory parasite can be diagnosed using the Baermann technique?
• What is the reversal agent for benzodiazepines?
• Which essential fatty acid is specifically required by cats but not by dogs?
• Which type of V/Q mismatch would not benefit from oxygen supplementation?
• What is defined as the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration?
• What clinical signalment is most commonly seen in cases of steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis?
• Where specifically does oxygen bind in the red blood cell?
• How much more potent is dexamethasone compared to prednisone?
• Which treatment is contraindicated in patients with head trauma?
• Which molecule is responsible for transporting iron out of the gastrointestinal tract?
• A wide QRS with a deep S wave and a characteristic P wave for each QRS indicates what condition?
• What is the mechanism of action of glycoside plants such as foxglove and oleander?
• What is the primary role of the proximal tubule in renal physiology?
• What is the most common action of the liver during phase II drug metabolism?
• What condition presents with vesiculobullous lesions in the mucous membranes of the mouth?
• What are typical presentations of hypoadrenocorticism?
• Which drug targets the mTOR pathway?
• What condition would most likely cause a high V/Q mismatch?
• What factors stimulate the secretion of ADH?
• What percentage of total body water is extracellular fluid?
• What is the most common clinical pathologic abnormality associated with Hepatozoon americanum infection?
• What formula expresses Negative Predictive Value (NPV)?
• What is a characteristic sign of a completed cardiac cycle?
• What is the most potent stimulus for H+ secretion in the kidney?
• What are the essential amino acids for cats?
• What is the primary mechanism of action of aspirin?
• What type of drug is mannitol?
• What would increase cerebral blood flow?
• What is the mechanism of action of ondansetron?
• A patient with a dropped jaw and otherwise normal neurological exam likely has which condition?
• What is the definitive method for diagnosing steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis in a young dog with neck pain?
• A Cavalier King Charles with acute vomiting should be treated initially with what?
• Which cells are responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
• How does carbon monoxide exert its toxic effects on the body?
• In the context of appetite regulation, which hormone is produced by adipose tissue?
• What is essential for determining drug dosage in animals?
• Which of the following best describes the role of the trigeminal nerve?
• What substance's presence in the duodenum leads to the release of ACh?
• Which cells are primarily involved in the innate immune response?
• What type of diet is typically recommended for cats with diabetes?
• What is the action of botulinum toxin at the neuromuscular junction?
• How is the Resting Energy Requirement (RER) calculated for dogs?
• What primarily determines the resting membrane potential?
• Which electrolyte is the most crucial during phase 3 of a cardiac action potential?
• What type of cell is responsible for presenting antigens to naive T cells?
• What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
• What test is most commonly used to evaluate blood type in dogs?
• What is the primary method used by CD8 T cells to induce apoptosis in target cells?
• What causes increased renal excretion of phosphorus in nutritional hyperparathyroidism?
• What cell type is primarily lost in cats suffering from lymphopenia due to Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) or Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) infection?
• What changes in mucus membranes are associated with erythrocytosis?
• What physiological effect results from the stimulation of baroreceptors?
• What has the greatest effect on vascular resistance?
• What is a common cause of pre-hepatic portal hypertension?
• Which drug is used to treat lead toxicity?
• What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Diazoxide?
• Which drug is known to inhibit topoisomerase II (also known as DNA gyrase)?
• What is the most effective treatment for Boxer histiocytic ulcerative colitis?
• What characteristic of glargine makes it a long-acting insulin?
• What are the main effects of selective microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors?
• What characterizes the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)?
• What is the name of the calcium receptor found on the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
• As the prevalence of a disease declines, what value approaches zero?
• What is the percentage of hospitalized dogs that developed nosocomial infections?
• What is the effect of mutations in TLR 4 on the risk of sepsis and gram-negative infections?
• Which cytokines are known to be pyrogenic?
• Which hormonal levels would suggest secondary hypoadrenocorticism in an older St Bernard?
• Which of the following is an indication of upper motor neuron lesions?
• What is released from the posterior pituitary gland?
• What role do neutrophils play in the immune system?
• What substance is secreted alongside amino acids, fatty acids, and high osmolarity in the duodenum?
• What is the typical normal range for anion gap in dogs?
• What is the formula for specificity in diagnostic testing?
• Given a blood work result showing low Cl 92, low HCO3 8, hyperkalemia 5.4, and hyponatremia 140, what is indicated?
• What is the hormone responsible for stimulating appetite?
• What is the MOA of acetazolamide?
• Which structure is responsible for the spread of action potential in excitation-contraction coupling?
• Which drug would not likely require a dose adjustment when administered with theophylline?
• Which vitamin deficiency is likely present in a cat exhibiting ventral neck flexion on a fish-only diet?
• What is the most common cause of migrating necrotizing dermatitis?
• What might a lab finding of ionized calcium at 1.8 (high) with normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels indicate?
• What is the most common tumor found in cats?
• Which disease is characterized by its effect on the CNS and causes vascular changes due to hypertension?
• What is the most common T cell type involved in inflammatory bowel disease?
• Which factors stimulate the M1 macrophage phenotype?
• Which antibiotics are known to penetrate the prostate?
• A decrease in pelvic limb proprioception is indicative of which type of neurological issue?
• What is the mechanism of action of maropitant?
• Which hormone is known to suppress appetite?
• What is the most potent stimulus for hydrochloric acid (HCl) release from parietal cells?
• Where does nephrotoxicity occur for gentamicin?
• What is the hallmark of CHF in dogs related to metabolic abnormalities?
• What substance is released in response to ventricular stretch?
• Which electrolyte abnormality might occur following the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) leading to hemolysis?
• In what form is CO2 primarily transported in blood?
• A dog presents with acute vomiting, nervous tremors, abdominal pain, and a CBC showing mild anemia with 50 nRBCs. What is the likely diagnosis?
• What type of tumor is an oligodendroglioma?
• A hyperdynamic pulse can be a sign of which cardiac condition?
• Which event in the cardiac cycle is responsible for producing the S4 heart sound?
• What is the expected appearance of a thoracic effusion due to FIP?
• What is the mechanism of action of castor bean poisoning?
• Which leptospirosis test requires live organisms for diagnosis during the initial infection period?
• If multiple bands are present on PARR in a dog with lymphadenopathy, what is the most likely diagnosis?
• What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of heparin?
• In which condition would you expect to see RBC microcytosis prior to hypochromia?
• A 10-year-old pit bull presents with exercise intolerance and pulmonary crackles. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Where is lactic acid primarily converted to glucose in the body?